Data processing device and method for monitoring correct operation of a data processing device

ABSTRACT

A method for monitoring the correct operations of a data processing device including changing a subsystem from an authorized state to an unauthorized state, executing the partial operating sequence, and resetting any subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to German Patent Application Serial No.10 2006 035 662.4, filed Jul. 31, 2006, and which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Data processing devices are controlled using programs which includes asequence of instructions that can be executed in order to achieve aparticular functionality. The high flexibility of data processingdevices is based on the fact that, in programs, individual steps can beexecuted not only sequentially but also with branches in the sequence.For a data processing device to operate correctly, the correct programflow, that is the correct order in which the individual instructions areexecuted, is required. Unexpected changes in the sequence lead toincorrect results or even to operation of the data processing devicebeing stopped. Such changes may be caused, for example, by faults in thehardware or in the programs. Furthermore, external attacks in which thecorrect operation of a data processing device is deliberately disruptedin order to gain an advantage are conceivable.

In order to avoid faults during the operation of a data processingdevice, hardware and software are verified, that is, they are checkedfor the correct method of operation. Unfortunately, some faults remainundiscovered during verification since not all possible situations canbe covered. These include, in particular, limiting cases which occurwhen different parts of a program interact, in which case it is notpossible to verify the individual parts together. Faults in the programflow may result in failure of the data processing device or in securitygaps which can be exploited.

External attacks which influence the operation of a data processingdevice may be detected using suitable hardware measures. These includecheckpoint registers, in which values are compared with expected valuesduring operation, glitch sensors, which detect very brief voltage dipsor increases in the current or clock supply, frequency sensors, whichare used to detect changes in the clock frequency, in particularunderfrequencies, or single-step operation, and light sensors, which canbe used to detect manipulation of the chip during optical analysis.Hardware measures can be used only in specialized safety processors, theuse of analog sensors frequently requiring redesign, in particular.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the dataprocessing device according to the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a principle on which the invention is based;

FIG. 3 shows a program section for an exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary state diagram for the operation of a dataprocessing device according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment a method for monitoring the correct operation of a dataprocessing device, the method having the steps of changing a subsystemfrom an authorized state to an unauthorized state before a partialoperating sequence is executed, the unauthorized state not interferingwith the execution of the partial operating sequence as long as thestate of the subsystem is not being evaluated, executing the partialoperating sequence, resetting the subsystem state from the unauthorizedstate to the authorized state after the partial operating sequence hasbeen executed, and evaluating the subsystem state.

If the partial operating sequence is fully executed properly, thesubsystem state is reset from the unauthorized state to the authorizedstate before evaluation. During evaluation, the subsystem state is thenin an authorized state. If, in contrast, the partial operating sequenceis disrupted and is not ended correctly, the subsystem is still in anunauthorized state. This unauthorized state is detected by evaluatingthe subsystem state and the necessary measures, for example adjustingthe operation of the data processing device, are taken.

In an embodiment, the data processing device carries out theabovementioned steps during operation. If the evaluation of thesubsystem state revealed an authorized state, the data processing devicecontinues operation at a continuation point for the partial operatingsequence.

Operation of the data processing device may include a plurality ofpartial operating sequences, the process being continued, after thesubsystem state has been evaluated, only if the subsystem is in anauthorized state. This ensures that the partial operating sequence hasbeen fully executed correctly, and operation of the data processingdevice is continued only if no unexpected interruptions in the partialoperating sequence have occurred.

In an embodiment, the subsystem state is described by a continuationpoint.

Depending on the continuation point, the subsystem state is in anauthorized state or an unauthorized state.

In an embodiment, in the authorized state, the continuation point is thecontinuation point for the partial operating sequence.

In order to monitor the correct operation of the data processing device,the continuation point for the partial operating sequence is modifiedbefore the partial operating sequence is executed and, after the latterhas been successfully executed, is reset again to the correctcontinuation point for the partial operating sequence. If the partialoperating sequence is disrupted in any way, with the result that thecontinuation point is not reset from an unauthorized continuation pointto the authorized continuation point for the partial operating sequence,the unauthorized continuation point is detected when evaluating thesubsystem state.

In an embodiment, in the unauthorized state, the continuation point isan invalid continuation point which does not correspond to thecontinuation point for the partial operating sequence.

An invalid continuation point can be detected when evaluating thesubsystem state, the continuation point being selected in such a mannerthat operation of the data processing device is ended or interrupted ina determinate manner.

In an embodiment, the invalid continuation point is reversiblydetermined from the continuation point for the partial operatingsequence.

In order to change the subsystem from an authorized state to anunauthorized state before the partial operating sequence is executed,and in order to change the subsystem state from the unauthorized stateto the authorized state after the partial operating sequence has beenexecuted, it is necessary for the continuation point for the partialoperating sequence to be able to be determined from the invalidcontinuation point.

In an embodiment, instructions for changing the subsystem state from anauthorized state to an unauthorized state before the partial operatingsequence to be monitored, instructions for resetting the subsystem statefrom the unauthorized state to the authorized state, and instructionsfor evaluating the subsystem state after the partial operating sequenceto be monitored are inserted into a program which controls the partialoperating sequence.

The method for monitoring the correct operation of the data processingdevice can be implemented by inserting the appropriate instructions intothe program which controls the partial operating sequence.

In an embodiment, the instructions are automatically inserted into theprogram when compiling or interpreting the program.

As a result of the fact that the instructions which are needed tomonitor the correct operation of the data processing device areautomatically inserted into the program which controls the partialoperating sequence, the method can be used for any desired dataprocessing devices without great expenditure. In particular, the methodis thus independent of the platform and application program.

In an embodiment, the continuation point is a return address of theprogram which controls the partial operating sequence.

As a result of the use of a return address to represent the subsystemstate, there is no need to explicitly check the subsystem state sincethe return address is automatically evaluated during the partialoperating sequence, with the result that the method can be implementedwith very little overhead.

In an embodiment, the invalid continuation point is a return addresswhich is generated by adding a constant or a random number from thereturn address of the program for controlling the partial operatingsequence.

In this case, the constant or random number is selected in such a mannerthan an invalid return address which results in a fault during return isgenerated. In this case, the fault can be triggered, for example, byaccess to a nonexistent memory area.

In an embodiment, in order to reset the subsystem state from theunauthorized state to the authorized state after the partial operatingsequence has been executed, addition of the constant or of the randomnumber is reversed.

As a result of the addition being reversed, the correct return addressof the program which controls the partial operating sequence is obtainedagain and does not cause a fault during evaluation, that is to sayduring return.

In an embodiment, the subsystem state is evaluated using a memorymanagement unit or a memory protection unit.

If the subsystem state is denoted using a return address, a memorymanagement unit or a memory protection unit can be used to detectwhether the address is valid and authorized or invalid and unauthorized.In this case, it is advantageous that there is no need for an additionalmemory for storing the subsystem state and that memory management unitsor memory protection units are present in most hardware platforms ofdata processing devices.

In an embodiment, the unauthorized state triggers an alarm, an abort, afault, an exception or a trap in the data processing device.

State monitoring mechanisms which are already present in the dataprocessing device can thus be used to monitor correct operation withoutthe need for additional hardware expenditure. State monitoringmechanisms are intended to mean all mechanisms in the data processingdevice which are suitable for triggering an alarm, an abort, a fault, anexception or a trap.

In an embodiment, the unauthorized state interrupts operation of thedata processing device during evaluation.

If, for example, an attempt is made to execute an unauthorized branch inthe data processing device, as a result of which the subsystem statecannot be reset from the unauthorized state to the authorized state,this is indicated by interrupting operation. This makes it possible todetect faults and attacks and to protect security-sensitive data.

There is also provided a data processing device which includes aprocessor, a subsystem which can assume an authorized state and anunauthorized state, a sequence controller, a modification device formodifying a continuation point, a continuation point memory for storinga continuation point, and an evaluation unit for evaluating a state ofthe subsystem. In this case, the sequence controller is designed in sucha manner that it stores a continuation point for a partial operatingsequence in the continuation point memory before the partial operatingsequence is executed by the processor, uses the modification device tochange the continuation point in such a manner that, when a state of thesubsystem is being evaluated by the evaluation unit, an unauthorizedstate is detected, uses the modification device to reverse the change inthe continuation point after the partial operating sequence has beenexecuted by the processor and changes the subsystem state from theunauthorized state to the authorized state, and evaluates the state ofthe subsystem in the evaluation unit.

The sequence controller modifies the partial operating sequence in sucha manner that the continuation point for the latter is first of allchanged in such a manner that it would lead to an unauthorized stateduring evaluation. Given the correct sequence of the partial operatingsequence, this change is reversed, with the result that no unauthorizedstate is detected during evaluation. If, in contrast, the partialoperating sequence is not ended properly, the change in the continuationpoint is not reversed either, with the result that the subsystem remainsin the invalid state.

In an embodiment, the continuation point is a return address of aprogram which controls the partial operating sequence.

The authorized state corresponds to the correct return address of theprogram, while the unauthorized state corresponds to an illegal returnaddress.

In an embodiment, the evaluation unit is a memory management unit or amemory protection unit of the processor.

The memory management unit or memory protection unit is responsible formemory management. A valid or authorized return address results in thenext instruction being executed after the partial operating sequence,while an illegal, invalid or unauthorized return address results in afault message. This makes it possible to use the already existinghardware of the processor to implement an evaluation unit which can beused to monitor the operation of the data processing device.

In an embodiment, the sequence controller is implemented using theprocessor.

A separate processor is thus not needed for the sequence controller; thelatter can be implemented using the already existing processor of thedata processing device.

In an embodiment, the subsystem is implemented using the processor.

The subsystem can assume an authorized state and an unauthorized stateand can be implemented as such using system registers in which systemstates are stored. System registers are used to store the states ofalarms, aborts, faults, exceptions and traps which have been detected bythe processor.

In an embodiment, the modification device and the continuation pointmemory are implemented using software which runs on the processor.

The modification device and the continuation point memory areimplemented using software which is executed in the processor. Thecontinuation point memory may be, for example, a variable whose value ismodified using an appropriate programming instruction.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the data processing deviceaccording to the invention having a processor P for executing anoperating sequence BA. The operating sequence BA may include a pluralityof partial operating sequences TB. At a point in time T1 at which one ofthe partial operating sequences TB begins, a sequence controller ASdrives a modification device M in such a manner that it reads in acontinuation point FS for the partial operating sequence TB. Thecontinuation point FS is intended to mean that point in the operatingsequence BA which is executed by the processor P after the partialoperating sequence TB has been processed. In the modification device M,the continuation point FS is modified and a new, unauthorizedcontinuation point FS′ is generated. If the continuation point FS isdescribed by a number, for example a return address, this may beeffected using an adder A which adds a modification constant MK, whichis stored in a constant memory C, to the continuation point FS. Themodification constant MK may be a constant or a random number. Eachpartial operating sequence TB is associated with its own modificationconstant MK, the modification constants MK of different partialoperating sequences TB differing from one another. The unauthorizedcontinuation point FS′ is stored in a continuation point memory F. Themodification to the continuation point FS can be reversed again in themodification device M by the contents of the continuation point memory Fbeing supplied to the adder A again, in which case, however, the latterno longer adds the modification constant MK but rather subtracts it. Itis essential for the choice of the modification constant MK that thelatter is selected in such a manner that an unauthorized continuationpoint FS′ is generated. An unauthorized continuation point FS′ resultsin an unauthorized state of the subsystem T. After the continuationpoint has been generated, the partial operating sequence TB is executedby the processor P. After the partial operating sequence TB has beenexecuted, the sequence controller AS drives the modification device Magain but in such a manner that the modification to the continuationpoint FS is reversed by means of subtraction, as described above, and anauthorized continuation point FS is output at the output of themodification device M. An authorized continuation point FS is, forexample, that point in the operating sequence BA which is intended to beexecuted by the processor after the partial operating sequence TB hasbeen executed correctly. In the subsystem T, the authorized continuationpoint FS or the unauthorized continuation point FS′ results in anauthorized or an unauthorized state. The state of the subsystem T isevaluated using the evaluation unit AE after the partial operatingsequence TB and the sequence control AS have been executed. In the caseof an authorized state, processing of the operating sequence BA iscontinued with the next partial operating sequence TB. If, in contrast,an unauthorized state of the subsystem T is detected, that is, theunauthorized continuation point FS′ has not been reset or has beenincorrectly reset and the partial operating sequence TB has not beenended properly. The reasons for this may be, for example, an attack inwhich the instruction counter of the processor P has been manipulated.In this case, the evaluation unit AE outputs a signal which stops theprocessor P of the data processing device.

In one embodiment, the evaluation unit AE is part of the processor P.Particularly if the continuation point FS is denoted using a returnaddress, the memory management unit or the memory protection unit of theprocessor P can be used for this purpose. An unauthorized return addressis detected as a fault by these units. In another design, the sequencecontroller AS is implemented, within the processor P, together with acorresponding program. In the same manner, the modification device M mayalso use registers of the processor P and the arithmetic unit of thelatter to modify the continuation point FS. Furthermore, the subsystem Tmay be implemented using system states of the processor P. In this case,the states are detected by the hardware of the processor P and canaccess processor-internal fault detection mechanisms. Fault detectionmechanisms of this type may be, for example, faults, traps, aborts orinterrupts which change the normal operating sequence BA. It isparticularly advantageous in these embodiments that there is no need foradditional hardware for the modification device M, the subsystem T, thesequence controller AS and the evaluation device AE. Furthermore, systemstates of this type are available on virtually all hardware platformsand do not require any explicit checking by means of software, with theresult that the operating sequence is encumbered only with very littleoverhead in order to monitor correct operation.

FIG. 2 shows the principle of the method for monitoring the correctoperation of the data processing device. In this case, it is assumedthat the operating sequence BA is effected in a plurality of partialoperating sequences TB. The left-hand part of the figure shows threepartial operating sequences TB1, TB2 and TB3 which follow one anothersequentially. The right-hand side of FIG. 2 shows, by way of example,the modification in the sequence of the partial operating sequence TB2which is executed after the partial operating sequence TB1 has beenexecuted. In this case, the partial operating sequence TB2 on theleft-hand side is replaced with four steps. In the first step, asubsystem state is changed to an unauthorized state. In the second step,the partial operating sequence TB2 is executed. The subsystem state issubsequently reset to an authorized state and the subsystem state isfinally evaluated. In this case, each of the partial operating sequencesTB1, TB2 and TB3 can be modified in the manner described above. Asexplained in connection with FIG. 1, the subsystem state is reset to theauthorized state again only when a partial operating sequence has beenexecuted correctly. Evaluating the subsystem state can thus detectwhether the operating sequence BA has been manipulated. It is alsopossible for a further partial operating sequence to be started andexecuted as part of one of the partial operating sequences. This furtherpartial operating sequence can also be correspondingly modified, inwhich case it is necessary to buffer-store the continuation point forthe original partial operating sequence and to restore it again afterthe further partial operating sequence has been executed.

FIG. 3 shows one implementation of a partial operating sequence TB inthe form of a subroutine. It is assumed below that the continuationpoint FS is the return address of the subroutine and the modificationdevice M containing the adder A and the constant memory C as well as thecontinuation point memory F is implemented together with the sequencecontroller AS using the processor P with an appropriate program, thesubsystem T being implemented using a system state of the processor Pand the return address being evaluated in a memory management unit or amemory protection unit of the processor P.

The left-hand side of FIG. 3 shows proper operation. The partialoperating sequence TB is executed by the subroutine 1. In this case, thereturn address RA of the subroutine 1 denotes the continuation point FS,that is to say that point at which execution of the operating sequenceBA is continued after the subroutine 1 has ended. In a firstinstruction, the return address RA is modified by adding a constant C1to it. By way of example, the return address is selected to beRA=0x02001158 and C1=0x17400000. The modified return address thenresults as RA=0x19401158. The subroutine instructions are then executed.If a fault or an attack does not occur, the return address RA is resetto the original value again by subtracting the constant C1 again. Returnto the continuation point is then effected using the return instruction,so that further instructions or subroutines can be executed.

The right-hand side of FIG. 3 illustrates the fault or attack. Beforethe subroutine 1 is ended and before the return address RA is reset, ajump is made to a subroutine 2 as a result of an attack. In this case,the return address RA remains unchanged but was previously modified byentry into the subroutine 1. After the instructions in the subroutine 2have been executed, an attempt is made to reset the return address RA bysubtracting the constant C2=0x14340000 which is associated with thesubroutine 2. However, the unauthorized return address RA=0x050C1158 isobtained. A return to this address gives rise to an exception in thememory management unit or memory protection unit of the processor P andthe attack or fault can be detected.

The constants C1 and C2 can be selected in such a manner that theresultant return addresses point to a nonexistent memory area. They mayalso point to a memory area which, although being present, does notcontain any executable code. Furthermore, the constants C1 and C2 can beselected in such a manner that the return addresses refer to an area forwhich there are no access rights. Another possible way of selecting theconstants C1 and C2 is for the modified return addresses RA to point,beyond the boundaries of a memory area, to another memory area if such achange in memory areas can be detected by the processor. They may alsobe selected in such a manner that the modified return address RA points,for example, to the middle of an instruction having a length of fourbytes and thus triggers a fault. If, in contrast, the modificationconstants C1 and C2 are selected to be zero, the correct operation ofthe data processing device cannot be monitored. The constants fordifferent subroutines must also be selected to be different so thatunintentional resetting by another subroutine is precluded.

FIG. 4 shows a state diagram for the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 3.Three states 1, 2 and 3 are shown, state 1 representing an authorizedreturn address RA, state 2 representing an unauthorized return addressRA and state 3 representing the presence of an unauthorized state. Fromstate 1, one lands in state 1 again via the transition 4, the transition4 being characterized by a jump back from a subroutine in which thereturn address RA was not modified. The transition 5 from the state 1 tothe state 2 occurs when the return address RA of the subroutine which isrunning is modified. The transition 6, in which the return address RA isreset again, again results in an authorized return address RA and instate 1. State 2 is retained during the transitions 7 and 8 in which thereturn address RA is reset using an incorrect constant or a furthersubroutine is branched to on account of an attack or a fault. Thetransition from the state 2 to the exception 3 is achieved by means ofthe transitions 9 and 10, transition 9 representing a return, that is tosay evaluation of the subsystem state, and the transition 10representing a direct attack or fault. Furthermore, the transitions 11and 12 are also shown. When the further subroutine is called in thetransition 11, its return address is first of all unchanged and is thusauthorized, with the result that the state 1 is reached with anauthorized return address. The return address of the further subroutineis then modified in the transition 5 in such a manner that anunauthorized return address is obtained and state 2 is assumed again.Transition 12 represents the situation in which there is a state with anauthorized return address and a return to the caller of the currentsubroutine is executed. In this case, the return address of the calleris restored, which address was changed to an unauthorized value at anearlier point in time by transition 5.

The invention can be used to monitor the operation of a data processingdevice without the need for hardware measures, for example sensors.Since mechanisms which exist in any hardware architecture are used todetect unauthorized states, it is possible to dispense with storingadditional states. Since there is no need for any testing instructionseither, very little programming complexity, which can also be automated,results. Monitoring without specialized hardware and without beingrestricted to specific applications or hardware platforms is thuspossible.

1. A method for monitoring correct operation of a data processing device, comprising: changing a subsystem from an authorized state to an unauthorized state before a partial operating sequence is executed, the unauthorized state not interfering with the execution of the partial operating sequence as long as the state of the subsystem is not being evaluated; executing the partial operating sequence; resetting the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state after the partial operating sequence has been executed; and evaluating the subsystem state.
 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data processing device executes as if the evaluation of the subsystem state revealed an authorized state, and continues operation at a continuation point for the partial operating sequence.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subsystem state is described by a continuation point.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the authorized state, the continuation point is the continuation point for the partial operating sequence.
 5. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the unauthorized state, the continuation point is an unauthorized continuation point which does not correspond with the continuation point for the partial operating sequence.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the unauthorized continuation point is reversibly determined from the continuation point for the partial operating sequence.
 7. A method for monitoring a correct operation of a data processing device, the method comprising: inserting instructions for changing a subsystem state from an authorized state to an unauthorized state before a partial operating sequence to be monitored; inserting instructions for resetting the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state; inserting instructions for evaluating the subsystem state after the partial operating sequence to be monitored into a program which controls the partial operating sequence; and executing the partial operating sequence.
 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the instructions are automatically inserted into the program when compiling or interpreting the program.
 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the continuation point is a return address of the program which controls the partial operating sequence.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein an unauthorized continuation point is a return address which is generated by adding a constant or a random number from the return address of the program in order to control the partial operating sequence.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein in order to reset the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state after the partial operating sequence has been executed, the method further comprises adding of the constant or of the random number is reversed.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the subsystem state is evaluated using a memory management unit or a memory protection unit.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the unauthorized state triggers an alarm, an abort, a fault, an exception, or a trap in the data processing device.
 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the unauthorized state interrupts operation of the data processing device during evaluation.
 15. A data processing device comprising: a processor; a subsystem which can assume an authorized state and an unauthorized state; a sequence controller; a modification device for modifying a continuation point; a continuation point memory for storing the continuation point; and an evaluation unit for evaluating a state of the subsystem, wherein the sequence controller: stores a continuation point for a partial operating sequence in the continuation point memory before the partial operating sequence is executed by the processor, uses the modification device to change the continuation point such that, when a state of the subsystem is being evaluated by the evaluation unit, an unauthorized state is detected, uses the modification device to reverse the change in the continuation point after the partial operating sequence has been executed by the processor and to change the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state, and evaluates the state of the subsystem in the evaluation unit.
 16. The data processing device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the continuation point is a return address of a program which controls the partial operating sequence.
 17. The data processing device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the evaluation unit is a memory management unit or a memory protection unit of the processor.
 18. The data processing device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sequence controller is implemented using the processor.
 19. The data processing device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the subsystem is implemented using the processor.
 20. The data processing device as claimed in claim 15, wherein the modification device and the continuation point memory are implemented using software which runs on the processor.
 21. A data processing device comprising: a processor; a subsystem which can assume an authorized state and an unauthorized state; a modification means for modifying a continuation point; an evaluation unit for evaluating a state of the subsystem; and a sequence controlling means for storing a continuation point for a partial operating sequence in a continuation point memory before the partial operating sequence is executed by the processor, for using the modification means to change the continuation point such that, when a state of the subsystem is being evaluated by the evaluation unit, an unauthorized state is detected, for using the modification means to reverse the change in the continuation point after the partial operating sequence has been executed by the processor and to change the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state, and for evaluating the state of the subsystem in the evaluation unit.
 22. A data processing device comprising: means for changing a subsystem from an authorized state to an unauthorized state before a partial operating sequence is executed, the unauthorized state not interfering with the execution of the partial operating sequence as long as the state of the subsystem is not being evaluated; means for executing the partial operating sequence; means for resetting the subsystem state from the unauthorized state to the authorized state after the partial operating sequence has been executed; and means for evaluating the subsystem state. 